Lockheed F-104 Starfighter History

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter History The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter was developed for the US Air Force as a supersonic interceptor. Entering service in 1958, it was the USAFs first fighter capable of speeds in excess of Mach 2. Though the F-104 set a multitude of airspeed and altitude records, it suffered from reliability issues and possessed a poor safety record. Briefly used in the Vietnam War, the F-104 was largely ineffective and was withdrawn in 1967. The F-104 was widely exported and saw service with numerous other countries. Design The F-104 Starfighter traces its origins to the Korean War where US Air Force pilots were battling the MiG-15. Flying the North American F-86 Sabre, they stated that they desired a new aircraft with superior performance. Visiting American forces in December 1951, Lockheeds chief designer, Clarence Kelly Johnson, listened to these concerns and learned firsthand the pilots needs. Returning to California, he quickly assembled design team to begin sketching out a new fighter. Assessing several design options ranging from small light fighters to heavy interceptors they ultimately settled on the former. Building around the new General Electric J79 engine, Johnsons team created a supersonic air superiority fighter that utilized the lightest airframe possible. Emphasizing performance, the Lockheed design was presented to the USAF in November 1952. Intrigued by Johnsons work, it elected to issue a new proposal and began accepting competing designs. In this competition, Lockheeds design was joined by those from Republic, North American, and Northrop. Though the other aircraft possessed merits, Johnsons team won the competition and received a prototype contract in March 1953. Development Work moved forward on the prototype which was dubbed XF-104. As the new J79 engine was not ready for use, the prototype was powered by a Wright J65. Johnsons prototype called for a long, narrow fuselage that was mated with a radical new wing design. Employing a short, trapezoidal shape, the XF-104s wings were extremely thin and required protection on the leading edge to avoid injury to ground crews. These were combined with a t-tail configuration aft. Due to the thinness of the wings, the XF-104s landing gear and fuel were contained within the fuselage. Initially armed with a M61 Vulcan cannon, the XF-104 also possessed wingtip stations for AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. Later variants of the aircraft would incorporate up to nine pylons and hardpoints for munitions. With construction of the prototype complete, the XF-104 first took to the sky on March 4, 1954 at Edwards Air Force Base. Though the aircraft had moved quickly from the drawing board to the sky, an additional four years were required to refine and improve the XF-104 before it became operational. Entering service on February 20, 1958, as the F-104 Starfighter, the type was the USAFs first Mach 2 fighter. Cockpit of a F-104C Starfighter. US Air Force Performance Possessing impressive speed and climb performance, the F-104 could be tricky aircraft during takeoff and landings. For the latter, it employed a boundary layer control system to reduce its landing speed. In the air, the F-104 proved very effective at high-speed attacks, but less so in dogfighting due to its wide turning radius. The type also offered exceptional performance at low altitudes making it useful as a strike fighter. During the course of its career, the F-104 became known for its high loss rate due to accidents. This was particularly true in Germany where the Luftwaffe grounded the F-104 in 1966. F-104G Starfighter GeneralLength:  54 ft., 8 in.Wingspan:  21 ft., 9 in.Height:  13 ft., 6 in.Wing Area:  196.1  sq. ft.Empty Weight:  14,000 lbs.Loaded Weight:  20,640 lbs.Crew:  1Performance Power Plant:  1 Ãâ€" General Electric J79-GE-11A afterburning turbojetCombat Radius:  420 milesMax Speed:  1,328 mphArmament Guns:  1 Ãâ€" 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan cannon, 725 rounds7 Hardpoints:  4 x AIM-9 Sidewinder, up to 4,000 lbs. bombs, rockets, drop tanks Operational History Entering service with 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron in 1958, the F-104A first became operational as part of the USAF Air Defense Command as an interceptor. In this role the type suffered teething problems as the squadrons aircraft were grounded after a few months due to engine issues. Based on these problems, the USAF reduced the size of its order from Lockheed. Lockheed F-104A Starfighter of the 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Taoyuan Air Base, Taiwan, on 15 September 1958, during the Quemoy Crisis. US Air Force While issues persisted, the F-104 became a trailblazer as the Starfighter set a series of performance records including world air speed and altitude. Later that year, a fighter-bomber variant, the F-104C, joined the USAF Tactical Air Command. Quickly falling out of favor with the USAF, many F-104s were transferred to the Air National Guard. With the beginning of the US involvement in the Vietnam War in 1965, some Starfighter squadrons began to see action in Southeast Asia. In use over Vietnam until 1967, the F-104 failed to score any kills and suffered a loss of 14 aircraft to all causes. Lacking the range and payload of more modern aircraft, the F-104 was quickly phased out of service with the last aircraft leaving USAF inventory in 1969. The type was retained by NASA which used F-104 for testing purposes until 1994. An Export Star Though the F-104 proved unpopular with the USAF, it was exported extensively to NATO and other US-allied nations. Flying with the Republic of China Air Force and Pakistan Air Force, the Starfighter scored kills in the 1967 Taiwan Strait Conflict and India-Pakistan Wars respectively. Other large buyers included the Germany, Italy, and Spain who bought the definitive F-104G variant beginning in the early 1960s. Featuring a reinforced airframe, longer range, and improved avionics, the F-104G was built under license by several companies including FIAT, Messerschmitt, and SABCA. In Germany, the F-104 got off to a bad start due to a large bribery scandal that was associated with its purchase. This reputation sank further when the aircraft began suffering from an unusually high accident rate. Though the Luftwaffe endeavored to correct problems with its F-104 fleet, over 100 pilots were lost in training accidents during the aircrafts use in Germany. As losses mounted, General Johannes Steinhoff grounded the F-104 in 1966 until solutions could be found. Despite these problems, export production of the F-104 continued until 1983. Utilizing various modernization programs, Italy continued to fly the Starfighter until finally retiring it in 2004.

Business Management Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Management Practice - Assignment Example Firm sizes is a big factor to consider in employing the management structure since bigger company size entails a more complicated management structure. In a company where it employs an estimated 100 individuals in the workforce, it will most likely have a president that will be n top of the structure. There will be vice presidents that will aid the president with the improvements of the different departments like growth in sales, increase in administrative costs, changes in marketing strategies, financial reports, and other information essential in strategizing the company’s next move. On the other hand, a firm with employees lower than ten would mean a simpler management structure. There will be a manager, secretary, a bookkeeper and administrative help in the least. There are three assumptions to be considered according to the classical management theory established by F.W. Taylor (Alajloni, M.M., Almashaqba, Z.M.S., Al-Qeed, M.A.N., 2010). From this study, it is set that first, it is assumed that to avoid conflict in relationships, management and employees have defined sets of tasks and responsibilities, formal procedures and well structured communication. This is where an organization sets the border line between the lower and middle tier and the upper tier which are members of the management. Formal communication among the superior-subordinate relationship should be established as this will be a tool in defining respect and boundaries between the management and the workers. Second, that these workers in a company are economical, that all of them are motivated by monetary means only. It is assumed that workers are after the Third, and last, that these workers are there for production purposes; that they are responsible for the production mech anism of a company. Essentially, these assumptions and the classical theory were

Litarary theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Litarary theory - Essay Example Sidney does not agree with Shelley that poetry is an expression of the beauty that has been expressed by the mind or the pet. Sidney says the poet use the creative power to invent a new world while Shelley believes that the impression touches the core of a person who prolongs the experience. Just as a child attempts to express himself through sounds and gestures, a poet tries to express the feelings of joy and happiness he carries as impressions the world has made on his mind. A poet first feels the happiness and then this emotion is expressed through the use of words and language, says Shelley but Sidney contends it is a new creation, new nature when the poet is in harmony with the Creator. What Shelley implies is that the beauty of the world is expressed through a poet. This happens when the poet delves deep within, appreciates the nature and its beauty. What springs forth from the inner self is the feeling when the mind is in harmony with the nature. Both however agree that the poet is in harmony – Shelly refers to it as harmony with the world, with the beauty, harmony with the impressions the world has made on him. Sidney says the when the poet exercises the highest power of humanity, he resembles the Creator. This suggests the poet is in harmony with the creator. Hence, what transpires is that a poet has to be in harmony for poetry to be created – call it the nature, the world, the beauty, the creator, whether it is the imagination or the real world. 2. Compare/contrast the mimetic theories of Pope and Wordsworth. Try to identify areas of agreement and disagreement in their discussions of how works of literature imitate or represent the real world. The mimetic theories of Pope and Wordsworth discuss the rules for the critic or the reader. Pope believes that since nature is unerring and unchanging, one should follow the rules of the nature while Wordsworth’s poems imitate the primary laws of the nature. Poetry has its origin in the orderly

Is democracy valuable If so, why If not, why not Essay - 1

Is democracy valuable If so, why If not, why not - Essay Example These two principles ensure that people of a given country are treated equally before the law as well as having equal entitlement to access the legislative (Gil 12). This essay will focus on answering the question of whether democracy is valuable or not while providing concise reasons to support the argument. However, the researcher will take a neutral position in this hot debate. Democracy has an extensive past with a classical example of early democracy being the Athens. People in this city would all meet in a market place to pass decisions. In the modern world, various types of democracy are based on different ideologies. They include liberal, guided, consociation, radical as well as socialist democracies (Gil 32). Liberal democracy is termed as the most relevant democracy in today’s world. It ensures that interests of the people are protected and well represented. In this form of democracy state acts as a referee with the political process checking and balancing to ensure that tyranny of the majority does not happen may it be from the presence of larger number of representatives or minorities who have excessive powers. Citizens participate in this type of democracy by means of electoral competition or contestation all people are treated equally (Gil 22). Democracy can be termed as the most superior form of governance even though the statement might be debatable depending on a number of factors such as place of origin, culture, and beliefs among others. First, democracy plays a major role in preventing any form of ruling by vicious and cruel autocrats or dictators. Secondly, countries with this type of governance tend to be more successful that those with non-democratic government. Thirdly, the modern representatives of democracy do not engage in wars or fights amongst themselves since each understands that his or her opponents have a right to disagree with their opinion. Fourthly and the most

killer whales :: essays research papers

KEIKO THE KILLER WHALE UNHAPPY IN ICELAND WATERS Reykjavik, Sept 13 AFP - A project to repatriate Keiko the killer whale, the lovable star of the Hollywood Free Willy movies, to his native Iceland waters one year ago has been a failure, a project spokesman admitted today. Keiko, who was flown home to Iceland from Oregon almost exactly a year ago amid a huge media frenzy that garnered worldwide attention, has still not begun to swim in deep waters on his own and is incapable of hunting fish to feed himself. He has remained in his special floating basin for the past year in the Klettsvik fjord, southeast of Reykjavik. A year ago, hopes were high that Keiko, who is 22 years old, would be reunited with his mother. Male killer whales can live up to around 30 years, while females can live to be up to 90 years old. "His re-adaptation to natural, or wild sea life is a total failure," said Hallur Hallson, a spokesman for the Free Willy support group which has financed Keiko's care since his retirement from Hollywood in 1996. In his new-found freedom, Keiko has never tried to eat live fish -- he requires 100kg a day -- or play with other whales. "And when his underwater cage was damaged in a bad storm Saturday, he didn't make a move to escape," Hallson added. Killer whales can only survive in groups, and Keiko, who has failed to adapt to his natural environment, would therefore not be able to survive on his own, according to experts. Jack Foster, an American responsible for Keiko's care, claims not to be disappointed despite the project's failure. "It's all only a question of money", countered Jon Gunnarson, the man who originally captured Keiko and was paid one third the sum now spent to keep Keiko alive each month. "And I think it's repugnant to think that American children are breaking open their piggy-banks to finance the captivity of this warted and ailing animal, who is incapable of attacking a baby herring, and who will never ever make it to the deep sea again." CAMPAIGN HOPES TO `FREE WILLY' IN MID-2000 Stockholm, Sept 22 Reuters - Celebrity killer whale Keiko could be freed into the wild in mid-2000, according to the organisers of an campaign which returned him to his native Iceland exactly one year ago. The five-tonne star of the first Free Willy movie was flown home from the United States and released into a floating pen in the remote Westman Islands as the first step to freedom.

Home Depot Case Essay

1. On the basis of Home Depot’s response to environmentalist issues, describe the attributes (power, legitimacy, urgency) of this stakeholder. Using the Reactive Defensive-Accommodative-Proactive Scale in Chapter 2, assess the company’s strategy and performance with environmental and employee stakeholders. In 1990 Home Depot began to work off a basis of environmental principles. People in the community pushed for the company to become more eco-friendly. These principles help to guide a number of different programs to help minimize the company’s and shopper’s impact on the environment. 2. As a publicly traded corporation, how can Home Depot justify budgeting so much money for philanthropy? What areas other than the environment, disaster relief, affordable housing, and at-risk youth might be appropriate for strategic philanthropy by Home Depot? Home Depot volunteers many hours to help the needy. They contribute money and help with disaster relief efforts. They also contribute money to charities to help the less fortunate. Home Depot can justify budgeting so much money because they do not see it as a loss. They believe they are placing money back into the local community and back into the economy. These actions build trust with customers and stakeholders. 3. Is Home Depot’s recessionary strategy of eliminating debt and halting growth a wise one? What would you recommend to the CEO? In 2007, Home Depot foresaw an economic recession coming. This recession made them pull back money from opening new stores. The basis for pulling their money back was to ensure they would be able to pay their bills without having to borrow money from the government. I wouldn’t recommend the CEO to do anything because I believe they are doing what they can to be economically responsibly for their stakeholders.

HIV Prevention for Indigent Communities Essay - 1535 Words

Imagine a world where an innocent child is given HIV due to mother to child transmission. Imagine a world where a father cannot play football on an autumn’s afternoon with his son because he constantly feels a lack of energy. Imagine a world where for months straight one has a reoccurring yeast infection. And lastly, imagine a world where one cannot remember one’s very own mother’s name due to short term memory loss. Unfortunately, there is no need to imagine for all of the above are actual possibilities when living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. What is HIV? According to www.aids.gov Human Immunodeficiency Virus is â€Å"a lot like other viruses, including those that cause the flu or the common cold. But there is an important†¦show more content†¦In the survey, questions were asked about the participant’s financial income, practice of safe sex and were given HIV tests. The results showed that â€Å"HIV was detected in 2.4 percent of the pe ople who were living below the federal poverty line, which in 2007 was an annual income of roughly $10,000 or less for an individual. The 2.4 percent translates to roughly 1 in 42 people† which is substantially higher than the national average, which is â€Å"0.45 percent, or 1 in 222 people.† Therefore, it is safe to say socioeconomic status increases one’s risk of contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Unlike other diseases there is not a cure for HIV therefore possessing HIV prompts many issues. The primary issue that is parallel to socioeconomic disadvantaged communities regarding HIV is the lack of finances to get tested for HIV and other STDs. According to costhelper.com on average a test of 7 to 10 STDs including HIV can range from $300 to $400. Prices as such make getting tested very difficult and nearly impossible for those living under the poverty line. 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