Comparing and Contrasting between Health Promotion and Health Essay

Comparing and Contrasting between Health Promotion and Health Education - Essay Example On the other hand, health promotion "seeks to improve or protect health through behavioural, biological, socio-economic and environmental changes. It can include health education, personal services, environmental measures, community and organisational development, and economic and regulatory activities" (Catford and Nutbeam, 1984). Thus, the authors view health promotion as being inclusive of health education, with the scope of health promotion being wider. Seymour (1984) defines health promotion as the "positive pursuit of fitness and wellbeing by means of a whole range of activities, including health education, legal and environmental controls and influence on social and economic factors" (37). Accordingly, from the practitioner's point of view, health promotion and health education overlap in many, if not all respects. Seymour further points out that the differences between the two are not of content However, the definition stated above has two utilities, in that it prevents "sterile discussions" about what is education and what is not, and helps clearly demarcate activities requiring expertise of different nature. MacDonald (1996) has elaborated upon the philosophical differences between health education and promotion. ... Thus, health promotion " involves a radical political stance in which discussion of, health matters requires a heightened level of awareness and critical consciousness, e.g. awareness of women's health issues" (220). Program Proposal: Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Elementary School Children Background The health promotion program proposed here is inspired by the success of the CATCH program (Luepker, Perry, McKinlay, Nader, Parcel, Stone, Webber, Elder, Feldman, and Johnson, 1996). The mission statement, goals and objectives are modified from those used in the CATCH program, and a focussed target of elementary schools within a well-defined local area is assumed. Mission Statement The aim of this program is to introduce a wide range of activities in elementary schools which are geared towards the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among students in the third through fifth grade. Program Goals Food Service Modifications The first goal of the proposed program is to induce changes in the lunch offerings at cafeteria of elementary schools within the target area, so as to meet USDA requirements (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000). The four program objectives of this goal are as follows: 1. Lunches provided at all elementary schools in the target area will meet the USDA requirement of a minimum energy level of 664 kcal 2. Of this, the fat content shall not exceed 30% of the total calorific content 3. The meal shall consist of not less than 10g of protein, 286mg of calcium, 3.5mg of iron, at lease 224 retinol equivalents of vitamin A and at lest 15mg of vitamin C. 4. At the end of a 3 year evaluation period, the measured dietary intake of fat among children of the

Colony Textile Mills Essay Example for Free

Colony Textile Mills Essay History Colony Group is one of the leading and oldest Textile Manufacturing group in Pakistan. The 1st industrial venture of the group was in cotton ginning sector back in 1881. Gradually the group diversified in to flour milling in the early 1900s. First textile spinning plant was put up in 1946 under the name of Colony Textile Mills Limited. The Group further ventured in to Banking, Insurance, Cement, and Power Generation Distribution. By 1952 Colony Textile Mills Limited was a composite textile plant with a 120,000 spindles, 1,500 looms, and fabric finishing capacity in excess of 150,000 meters per day. Nationalization of 1972 took most of the business away, leaving Textile and Insurance in the Group. Presently, there are two companies in the group, namely, Colony Textile Mills Limited (CTM) with about 195,000 Spindles, and Colony Industries (Pvt. ) Limited (CIL), consisting of 35,000 Spindles and 418 Air Jet Looms. Width | Looms| | 190cm| 180| 176 Cam +12 Dobby + 12 Crank (20 Looms with Batchers)| 210cm| 24| 24 Cam Looms (4 Looms with Batchers)| 280cm| 26| 20 Cam + 6 Dobby| 340cm| 188| 174 Cam + 14 Dobby| Competitive Dimensions CIL is a very strong and only group that has 418 Looms in same place. This helps in fulfilment of large orders at high speed. If the looms are installed at different locations large orders cannot be processed because of factors like communication barrier and increased cost of transportation etc. Another unique thing CIL has is the Automatic Drawing in machine. When order of new quality is received it needs to be designed for the loom to work on. If manually this process is done the time required to feed the new design in the loom would be around 16 hours. The time CIL takes to do the same task is just 2 hours with better efficiency. This automated machine is only available at CIL and increases order fulfilment speed. The power requirement for the setup of 418 looms, compressor fleets and other support functions is 8MW. The cost of power i. e. electricity is reduced to a greater extent by manufacturing through its own power generation system which produces 10MW through Natural gas. Moreover for an uninterrupted supply of electricity CIL has its own grid station. Similarly CIL’s own compressors fleet decreases the cost of raw material i. e. compressed air which prevents the machinery from heating up and maintain humidity and temperatures. Capacity Capacity or the production of looms greatly depends upon the quality of fabric. If fabric is of high quality production will be less. The reason behind this is high quality fabric uses fine threads. Production also depends upon the number of threads used in manufacturing. 6 million meters per month approx production has been recorded by CIL. Initially there were 120 looms at CIL. Capacity addition was done in March 2005 and 154 looms were added. Capacity addition for the 2nd time was done at the end of 3rd quarter by adding 144 looms making production capacity of 6. 0 million meters fabric per month. Core Services and Value Added Services The core service of CIL is grey fabric manufacturing. They don’t provide internal information of accounts, operations etc. to external people. However they provide samples to their clients which are sales support. Field support is also not easy in this weaving business but they do rectify the error within the specified time. Fail Safing techniques Automated motion sensors Automated motion sensors stop the process of creeling, sizing and weaving whenever a thread breaks down or any error appears in the process. This prevents errors from increasing. Online Inspection System Online Inspection system is a manual system by which errors can be checked by mills manager. The data is fed to the system by operators and is evaluated by mills manager for removal of errors. During Production Checks Technicians and operators are responsible for checking and removing the errors during production. After Production Checks Inspection and folding department rectifies error if it still exists before packing. After packing the order is randomly checked so that client gets error free order. Process Selection The type of processes they are using at the most basic level is Fabrication rocess that means Colony Industry converts their raw material i. e. raw yarn to grey fabric. Grey fabric is the form of fabric before printing or dying. This process of fabrication is termed as Weaving in the terminology of Textile business. Yarn flow is organized in the factory by process technology known as batch shop. Yarn is retrieved from yarn procurement department as the order is receive d for the production of grey fabric and then it is processed in the form of batches or order. Mill consists of 3 Units each having 2 Sheds which are control units. Hierarchy of authority is in Appendix. Each Unit is headed by Mills manger and so on. Production in charge are responsible for 60, senior technicians for 16 and Operators for 4-6 looms. Warping Creeling Quality Check Yarn High Spinning Mill Low Sizing Head Stock Warper Beams Drawing In Sizing Roll Inspection Bales Packaging Weaving Approve Pallets Disapprove Storage Treatable Treat Yes No Waste No Flow Chart Marketing department receives order and transfer production order to the mill. Mill staff plans the order and tells yarn procurement department for yarn purchase. This department purchases yarn from colony’s spinning mill and other spinning mills. The yarn is not stored at the mill but it is received from the source when needed. Once yarn is received by the mill it is sent to quality check department for inspection where yarn is weighed and tested for hair and tension. If the yarn is not approved, it is sent back to the source otherwise it is transferred to the next department. This yarn is in the form of spindles which is loaded on creeling machine manually. Then the process of warping starts in which these spindles are unrolled and rolled on the warping beams which are then transferred for sizing. In the process of sizing, starch and polyvinyl along with some other chemicals and water are cooked and applied to the yarn. This process makes yarn able to go through the next steps by increasing its strength and elasticity. After drying the yarn, ends are separated in a manner that they do not stick to each other. This dried yarn is rolled on temporary storage which has the size according to the width of the cloth known as sizing head stock. After the process of drawing in as explained previously, it is injected to the loom for the process of weaving. The temperature is controlled by a special system of compressor fleet. Once weaving is done, inspection of each inch of cloth is done for quality assurance where decision is made regarding acceptance, rejection and mending of cloth. After approval, it is sent for packing as mentioned in production order and if fabric is not approved, it is mended otherwise it is sent to the waste. Back Process: In Warping, the whole set-up is of Ben-Direct Benninger V 1080/2400. Colony Ind. has 6 Warping machines with the Creel Capacity of 1080 each. Each machine is with the electronic sensors for the tracing of broken ends. In Sizing, Colony has the Ben-Sizetech Zell KVE, Creel 32 WW/4000 machines. Colony has 4 Sizing machines, 3 with the Head Stock size of 4 meters. Total Creel Capacity ranges from 16 (1 m/c) to 28 (1 m/c) till 32 (2 m/c’s). The Sizing machine is with pre-wet technology with double dip sow-box. Colony has an additional facility of Beam Stacker which is not found anywhere else in Pakistan. Colony is equipped with 2 Beam Stacker from Formia Nova of Italy with total of 65 bars holding the capacity of 195 no of beams for Narrow 130 no of beams for Wider. DRAWING-IN Colony has the state of the art 2 Automatic Drawing-In machine which is found rare in Pakistan. One machine is from Staubli (Delta 110-4) which has the capacity of 150,000 ends/day filling with the speed of 140 threads/min. The 2nd machine is from ELM S. P. A (Super Vega) which has the 80 threads/min filling speed. Weaving Colony has the total production of 6. 00 million meters fabric/month with 418 looms all of Toyota JAT 710 in production. In the 190 cm section (Narrow looms), they have 180 looms, 24 with the batching motions. Folding machines has the total capacity of 25k/shift/machine. Rolling machine is with the production of 10000 meters fabric/shift/machine Quality Inspection/folding is the process for quality checks. In this process each inch of fabric is inspected. The quality of fabric depends upon the discretion of client and is checked according to the efficiency of loom stated in Production Order. Price also increases with the fineness of the fabric. During the process if any defect is found than it is decided according to the nature of the defect whether to allow it or treat the fabric. Then fabric is categorized into three grades A, B and C. A is finest category and is considered to be of export quality, while B and C are of lower quality. They follow 4 point system which allows maximum of 4 errors and is world wide accepted. Colony has fully equipped Quality Lab with all kind of testing equipments including the Uster Tester 4 for yarn checking. Quality Lab make sure that there is no compromise in the quality of the yarn used the fabric produced. The whole set-up has the check points from Quality Department from Back Process to Article, from Inspection to packing, thus resulting in the production of 1st class A-Grade fabric as committed. Colony has the Wrapping Reel from Mesdan Italy with the Model # S-389 A used for the making of lea. It follows the ASTM standard of D-1907-01. Auto Sorter is from Uster Switzerland with the Model PR 503 DR. Most Important machine in the Lab of colony is Uster UT -4 with the Model SE 400101-02100. Make of UT-4 is from Uster Switzerland for the checking of IPI’s in the yarn. For the checking of Hairiness in the yarn, colony has the Hairiness Tester from Zweigle Germany with the Model G-567. To check the Tear Strength of the fabric, colony has the Tear Strength Tester from Zweigle Germany with the model FX-3750. Their primary focus is quality because CIL is export based company. If quality is not up to the mark clients move to Bangladesh and China because they provide cheap products with low quality. Pakistani fabric is famous for its high quality and perfection. Recommendations: 1. Sales of local sector are dependent on few companies. The proportion of sales should be changed so that colony’s risk is minimized. This will also help in improving performance as it will result in sale increase. 2. Sale per order should be considered and goal should be â€Å"the more worth of order, higher should be the frequency of order. 3. Monitoring systems that allows online communication and control of looms should be installed to manage the system more accurately. 4. Employees should be decreased by bringing in automated creeling machine which reduces the time by automatically removing the spindles once the thread is removed from them. 5. Operations focus should be on wide looms as they have s aid that these wide looms have generated greater inflows. 6. Capacity addition should be kept in view as it has been around 3 years now before the last addition was made. 7. Training of employees by sending them to technical institutes abroad should be done as fail safing technique to reduce the chance of defect in the fabric. 8. Colony has fewer inflows in exports and greater in local therefore sales efforts should be engaged to increase local orders and increase inflows from exports. 9. Colony should use ingredient branding like they can market their cloth by informing clients about the brand of Looms Company have installed. 10. Operations policy should be made and reviewed continuously. Every employee should be involved in designing the policy. Appendix

Free College Essays - Othello and Honesty :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello and Honesty    Honesty is one of the most important factors in Othello.   And although there is very little honesty actually present in the play the term is most commonly applied to Iago, who also happens to be the most dishonest character in Othello.   Due partly to the other characters naivetà ©, Iago is capable of manipulating, brainwashing, and molding the other characters to satisfy his need for revenge against Othello.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago would most commonly be referred to as dishonest, however beyond that he is also downright amoral and uses other’s weaknesses to manipulate them into doing what he pleases.   From the very beginning we see how Iago manipulates Roderigo by pretending he is looking out for his best interests in the matter of Othello’s elopement with Desdemona.   He makes Barbantio angry with Othello and Desdemona by telling him about their elopement then lying about the consummation of their relationship.   He then leaves Roderigo to take responsibility for his (Iago’s) actions.   In the meantime he goes off to inform Othello that Roderigo is accountable for telling Barbantio about the relationship and saying horrible things about Othello.   Iago later brings Roderigo back into his quest for revenge when he tries to get Cassio fired from the position that Iago originally wished to obtain.   Although Cassio knows it is aga inst his better judgement to drink, Iago manipulates him into getting drunk then stages a fight between Roderigo and Cassio.   He even goes as far as to try to make Cassio look bad by telling Montano that he gets drunk regularly. Upon Iago’s explanation of the situation Othello promptly fires Cassio from his position and Iago becomes more respected in Othello’s eyes.   Roderigo is a prime example of how Iago uses people to fulfil his desires.   Iago convinces Roderigo that he could win Desdemona’s love away from Othello and the only man that stands in the way is Cassio.   In this way when he plans to humiliate Cassio it seems as if he is doing it to help out Roderigo when, in actuality, he is seeking revenge on Cassio for taking his position.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main reasons Iago is so successful at manipulating others is because they are too guileless to realize that he is taking advantage of them.   Cassio still comes to Iago for advice after Iago rats him out and gets him fired.

James Monroe Essay -- essays research papers

James Monroe was born in the quiet town of Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. His father, Spencer Monroe, was married to Elizabeth Jones in 1752. Spencer Monroe was a circuit judge and a farmer for the town (Kane 40). Monroe was the oldest of five. There were four other children; Andrew, Joseph, and Elizabeth. His third brother had died in his early childhood. He attended grammar school at a small academy for boys. This school had a reputation for serving the best of men, like George Washington and John Marshall (Kane 40), which is unique because he later followed George Washington as president. George Washington was a family friend of the Monroe’s. He admired Washington and was influenced by him at a young age. At age 16 his father Spencer Monroe died. Monroe was left to be the man of the house. A family member suggested that James should continue his education at the William and Mary College. Monroe enrolled in the most difficult program that the College offer ed (Stefoff 11). Within a year of his attendance at William and Mary College, the shot heard around the world at Lexington occurred. War broke out with England, and Monroe wanted to do something about it. At age 18 he later joined the army enlisting in the Third Virginia Infantry (Stefoff 12). Monroe was appointed lieutenant after a party of soldiers raided a British house taking guns and supplies. He later was acquainted with George Washington when the Third Virginia Infantry was joined with Washington’s troops in New York (Stefoff 13). During the war he was wounded in the Battle of Trenton but not severely. Monroe assigned to deskwork was asked if he would send a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for more soldiers. Monroe was waiting for a response from Washington but never heard from him, so in the mean time he studied law (Stefoff 15). Monroe became an aid under Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia also influenced his life. Monroe and his good school friend work ed on the governor’s speeches and organized meetings. This prepared Monroe for what was to become of his life as President (Stefoff 21). Since the war was still going on, he had a mission from the military. Monroe was asked to go south and spy on British troops, because American troops feared that they were planning a surprise attack on them (Stefoff 21-22). After Monroe’s successful mission against British troops a... ...eted several projects that he cared about which needed to be addressed. One of them was setting aside land for Indians west of the Mississippi River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monroe left Washington on March 3, 1825 and set out for Oak Hill with his family. Although he was very successful in life, after his retirement he fell into financial trouble. The last six years of his life was very difficult. His debt had mounted and while waiting for money Congress owed him, on July 4, 1831, James Monroe died, bankrupt (Damon 95).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Monroe was an excellent president and loved by all people. His main focus to help our country succeed as a nation together, kept us unified and strong. Although there were bad times, his success made up for those. He made a great impact in our history as a nation. He created the Monroe Doctrine, made it hard to own slaves, helped Indians find land, and helped our country unite as one. He fought for us in the War of 1812, which he was wounded. He loved our country and was true to the U.S. Monroe was the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ and will always be remember as James Monroe, who did bring to many people an era of good feelings. James Monroe Essay -- essays research papers James Monroe was born in the quiet town of Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. His father, Spencer Monroe, was married to Elizabeth Jones in 1752. Spencer Monroe was a circuit judge and a farmer for the town (Kane 40). Monroe was the oldest of five. There were four other children; Andrew, Joseph, and Elizabeth. His third brother had died in his early childhood. He attended grammar school at a small academy for boys. This school had a reputation for serving the best of men, like George Washington and John Marshall (Kane 40), which is unique because he later followed George Washington as president. George Washington was a family friend of the Monroe’s. He admired Washington and was influenced by him at a young age. At age 16 his father Spencer Monroe died. Monroe was left to be the man of the house. A family member suggested that James should continue his education at the William and Mary College. Monroe enrolled in the most difficult program that the College offer ed (Stefoff 11). Within a year of his attendance at William and Mary College, the shot heard around the world at Lexington occurred. War broke out with England, and Monroe wanted to do something about it. At age 18 he later joined the army enlisting in the Third Virginia Infantry (Stefoff 12). Monroe was appointed lieutenant after a party of soldiers raided a British house taking guns and supplies. He later was acquainted with George Washington when the Third Virginia Infantry was joined with Washington’s troops in New York (Stefoff 13). During the war he was wounded in the Battle of Trenton but not severely. Monroe assigned to deskwork was asked if he would send a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for more soldiers. Monroe was waiting for a response from Washington but never heard from him, so in the mean time he studied law (Stefoff 15). Monroe became an aid under Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia also influenced his life. Monroe and his good school friend work ed on the governor’s speeches and organized meetings. This prepared Monroe for what was to become of his life as President (Stefoff 21). Since the war was still going on, he had a mission from the military. Monroe was asked to go south and spy on British troops, because American troops feared that they were planning a surprise attack on them (Stefoff 21-22). After Monroe’s successful mission against British troops a... ...eted several projects that he cared about which needed to be addressed. One of them was setting aside land for Indians west of the Mississippi River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monroe left Washington on March 3, 1825 and set out for Oak Hill with his family. Although he was very successful in life, after his retirement he fell into financial trouble. The last six years of his life was very difficult. His debt had mounted and while waiting for money Congress owed him, on July 4, 1831, James Monroe died, bankrupt (Damon 95).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Monroe was an excellent president and loved by all people. His main focus to help our country succeed as a nation together, kept us unified and strong. Although there were bad times, his success made up for those. He made a great impact in our history as a nation. He created the Monroe Doctrine, made it hard to own slaves, helped Indians find land, and helped our country unite as one. He fought for us in the War of 1812, which he was wounded. He loved our country and was true to the U.S. Monroe was the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ and will always be remember as James Monroe, who did bring to many people an era of good feelings.

Role of Language in the Internet and the effect of the Internet on Language

The Internet is one of the most remarkable things human beings have ever made. With the past few decades, internet has become so popular and it is an integral part of our daily lives. Email, instant messaging and chat are rapidly replacing the conventional forms of correspondence, and the Web has become the first port of call for both information enquiry and leisure activity. How is this affecting language? There is a widespread view that as ‘technospeak’ comes to rule, standards will be lost. This project is an attempt to explore this linguistic problem.A qualitative and also quantitative study is conducted here to see how internet’s global scale and intensity is having an effect on language in general, and on individual languages in particular. Covering a range of Internet genres, including e-mail, chat and the Web, this is a revealing account of how the Internet is radically changing the way we use language. The thesis work will first discuss the role of langua ge in the internet and thereafter, the effect of the internet on language with central focus on the latter.David Crystal, in his book Language and the Internet says that language is at the heart of internet. Internet comes increasingly to be viewed from a social perspective, so the role of language becomes central. Thus internet is a medium of communication which is inevitable aided by language. Whether it is browsing, blogging, chatting or e-mails, language has a great role to play because if we do not know the language, then we cannot use the internet at all. The influence of internet over the language has to be viewed in much broader aspect.There is of course nothing new about the fears accompanying the emergence of a new communications technology. In the fifteenth century, the arrival of printing was widely perceived by the Church as an invention of Satan, the hierarchy fearing that the dissemination of uncensored ideas would lead to a breakdown of social order and put innumerab le souls at deadly risks. Around 400 years later, similar concerns about censorship and control were widespread with the arrival of telegraph. When telephone arrived, people said it would undermine the society.And when broadcasting enabled selected voices to be heard by millions, there was an immediate debate over which norms to use as correct pronunciation, how to achieve clarity, etc. Internet is an amalgamation of television, telephone, and conventional publishing, and the term cyberspace has been coined to capture the notion of a world of information present or possible in digital form. The electronic medium presents us with a channel that facilitates and constrains our ability to communicate in ways that are fundamentally different from those found in other semiotic situations.Many of the expectations and practices which we associate with spoken and written language does not hold valid in the way we communicate using internet. Therefore the first attempt of this research is to investigate the linguistic properties of the so –called ‘electronic revolution’, and to take a view on whether the way in which we use language on the Internet is becoming so different from our previous linguistic behaviours that it might genuinely be described as revolutionary. The wide use of internet has led to a new branch in linguistics called netlinguistics that deals with the study of internet language.It has brought tremendous effect in the daily language of people, and mainly in the English language. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) is the communicative transaction that occurs through the use of two or more networked computers. While the term traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer mediated formats, for example; instant messaging, chat rooms, email and so on, it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging. Popular forms of CMC include email, video, audio or text chat, bulletin boards, blogs etc.The Internet slang came into use primarily in order to ease communication. Such short-cuts save time for the writer but it may be difficult for the reader to comprehend. Slang is also a way to indicate a group membership in Internet. Internet slang does not constitute a homogeneous language variety. It differs according to the user and the type of Internet situation. Some examples of Internet slang are: letter homophones, abbreviations, acronyms etc. An abbreviation for abbreviations is â€Å"CU† for â€Å"See you†.An acronym, on the other hand, is a subset of abbreviations and is formed from the initial components of a word. Examples of common acronyms include â€Å"LOL† for â€Å"laugh out loud† or â€Å"lots of love† and â€Å"BTW† for â€Å"by the way†. There are also combinations of both, like â€Å"CUL8R† for â€Å"see you later†. Punctuation, Capitalization and other symbols, such features are co mmonly used for emphasis or stress. Periods or exclamation marks may be used repeatedly for emphasis, such as â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. † or â€Å"!!!!!!!!!! â€Å". Grammatical punctuation rules are also relaxed on the Internet.â€Å"E-mail† may simply be expressed as â€Å"email†, and apostrophes can be dropped so that â€Å"John's book† becomes â€Å"johns book†. Examples of capitalization include â€Å"STOP IT†, which can convey a stronger emotion of annoyance as opposed to â€Å"stop it†. Bold, underline and italics are also used to indicate stress. Onomatopoeic or stylized spellings have also become popularized on the Internet. One well-known example is â€Å"hahaha† to indicate â€Å"laughter†. Onomatopoeic spellings are very language specific. For instance, in Spanish, laughter will be spelt as â€Å"jajaja† instead.Deliberate misspellings, such as â€Å"sauce† for â€Å"source†, are also used . Keyboard generated emoticons and smileys; Emoticons are generally found in web forums, instant messengers and online games. They are culture-specific and certain emoticons are only found in some languages but not in others. For example, the Japanese equivalent of emoticons, kaomoji literally meaning â€Å"face marks†, focus on the eyes instead of the mouth as in Western emoticons. They are also meant to be read right-side up, for example, ^_^ as opposed to sideways, =). More recently than face emoticons, other emoticon symbols such as Role of Language in the Internet and the effect of the Internet on Language The Internet is one of the most remarkable things human beings have ever made. With the past few decades, internet has become so popular and it is an integral part of our daily lives. Email, instant messaging and chat are rapidly replacing the conventional forms of correspondence, and the Web has become the first port of call for both information enquiry and leisure activity. How is this affecting language? There is a widespread view that as ‘technospeak’ comes to rule, standards will be lost. This project is an attempt to explore this linguistic problem.A qualitative and also quantitative study is conducted here to see how internet’s global scale and intensity is having an effect on language in general, and on individual languages in particular. Covering a range of Internet genres, including e-mail, chat and the Web, this is a revealing account of how the Internet is radically changing the way we use language. The thesis work will first discuss the role of langua ge in the internet and thereafter, the effect of the internet on language with central focus on the latter.David Crystal, in his book Language and the Internet says that language is at the heart of internet. Internet comes increasingly to be viewed from a social perspective, so the role of language becomes central. Thus internet is a medium of communication which is inevitable aided by language. Whether it is browsing, blogging, chatting or e-mails, language has a great role to play because if we do not know the language, then we cannot use the internet at all. The influence of internet over the language has to be viewed in much broader aspect.There is of course nothing new about the fears accompanying the emergence of a new communications technology. In the fifteenth century, the arrival of printing was widely perceived by the Church as an invention of Satan, the hierarchy fearing that the dissemination of uncensored ideas would lead to a breakdown of social order and put innumerab le souls at deadly risks. Around 400 years later, similar concerns about censorship and control were widespread with the arrival of telegraph. When telephone arrived, people said it would undermine the society.And when broadcasting enabled selected voices to be heard by millions, there was an immediate debate over which norms to use as correct pronunciation, how to achieve clarity, etc. Internet is an amalgamation of television, telephone, and conventional publishing, and the term cyberspace has been coined to capture the notion of a world of information present or possible in digital form. The electronic medium presents us with a channel that facilitates and constrains our ability to communicate in ways that are fundamentally different from those found in other semiotic situations.Many of the expectations and practices which we associate with spoken and written language does not hold valid in the way we communicate using internet. Therefore the first attempt of this research is to investigate the linguistic properties of the so –called ‘electronic revolution’, and to take a view on whether the way in which we use language on the Internet is becoming so different from our previous linguistic behaviours that it might genuinely be described as revolutionary. The wide use of internet has led to a new branch in linguistics called netlinguistics that deals with the study of internet language.It has brought tremendous effect in the daily language of people, and mainly in the English language. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) is the communicative transaction that occurs through the use of two or more networked computers. While the term traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer mediated formats, for example; instant messaging, chat rooms, email and so on, it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging. Popular forms of CMC include email, video, audio or text chat, bulletin boards, blogs etc.The Internet slang came into use primarily in order to ease communication. Such short-cuts save time for the writer but it may be difficult for the reader to comprehend. Slang is also a way to indicate a group membership in Internet. Internet slang does not constitute a homogeneous language variety. It differs according to the user and the type of Internet situation. Some examples of Internet slang are: letter homophones, abbreviations, acronyms etc. An abbreviation for abbreviations is â€Å"CU† for â€Å"See you†.An acronym, on the other hand, is a subset of abbreviations and is formed from the initial components of a word. Examples of common acronyms include â€Å"LOL† for â€Å"laugh out loud† or â€Å"lots of love† and â€Å"BTW† for â€Å"by the way†. There are also combinations of both, like â€Å"CUL8R† for â€Å"see you later†. Punctuation, Capitalization and other symbols, such features are co mmonly used for emphasis or stress. Periods or exclamation marks may be used repeatedly for emphasis, such as â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. † or â€Å"!!!!!!!!!! â€Å". Grammatical punctuation rules are also relaxed on the Internet.â€Å"E-mail† may simply be expressed as â€Å"email†, and apostrophes can be dropped so that â€Å"John's book† becomes â€Å"johns book†. Examples of capitalization include â€Å"STOP IT†, which can convey a stronger emotion of annoyance as opposed to â€Å"stop it†. Bold, underline and italics are also used to indicate stress. Onomatopoeic or stylized spellings have also become popularized on the Internet. One well-known example is â€Å"hahaha† to indicate â€Å"laughter†. Onomatopoeic spellings are very language specific. For instance, in Spanish, laughter will be spelt as â€Å"jajaja† instead.Deliberate misspellings, such as â€Å"sauce† for â€Å"source†, are also used . Keyboard generated emoticons and smileys; Emoticons are generally found in web forums, instant messengers and online games. They are culture-specific and certain emoticons are only found in some languages but not in others. For example, the Japanese equivalent of emoticons, kaomoji literally meaning â€Å"face marks†, focus on the eyes instead of the mouth as in Western emoticons. They are also meant to be read right-side up, for example, ^_^ as opposed to sideways, =). More recently than face emoticons, other emoticon symbols such as

Words From Other Languages That Have No English Equivalent

Words From Other Languages That Have No English Equivalent Have you ever experienced a moment that you wish you had a word for, but there were just no words available in the English language to describe it? Sure, it can be described with multiple sentences, but one simple word would be much better, right?As much as English borrows words from outside languages, there are still some words from other cultures that have no English equivalent (but should!). These words depict common feelings, experiences, and personalities but require a much longer explanation in English. With that in mind, heres our list of favorite words in other languages that have no English equivalent.Words with no English equivalentAntier (Spanish)This word means the day before yesterday and would be extremely helpful to have in ones English vocabulary when describing something that happened two days back.Aware (Japanese)This word describes the bittersweet and brief moment when you experience transcendent beauty. This one is especially important for Nature lovers.Backpfeife ngesicht (German)If youve ever looked at somebody and become so annoyed that you just want to hit them in the face, youve experienced Backpfeifengesicht, which means a face badly in need of a fist.Bakku-shan (Japanese)This word is used to describe a beautiful girl as long as shes being viewed from behind. Thats not to say that its a nice word, but one thats used nonetheless.Bilita Mpash (Bantu)This word is the opposite of a nightmare, and is used to describe an amazing dream- one that you wished you didnt have to awaken from.Cafune (Brazilian)This is the romantic act of tenderly running your fingers through your lovers hair. Of course, such a passionate culture would be the one to create a word describing this romantic act!Cavoli Riscaldati (Italian)This word translates literally into reheated cabbage and means trying to rekindle an unworkable relationship. As bad as reheated cabbage is, the word is perfect to remind you that second tries probably wont be any more successful than th e first one.Estrenar (Spanish)When you wear or experience something for the first time- it can apply to anything, from meals to clothes to buying your first home.Faamiti (Samoan)To make a squeaking sound by sucking air past the lips in order to gain the attention of a dog or child.Fargin (Yiddish)You experience this when you wholeheartedly appreciate the success of others.Fargin is a Yiddish word describing how you feel when you wholeheartedly appreciate the success of others. Photo by Nghia Le on Unsplash.Fernweh (German)Have you ever felt homesick for a place youve never ever been to? If so, youve experienced fernweh.Fisselig (German)If youve ever become so flustered because of someone elses nagging that you were unable to complete a task or were sloppy at doing so, youve experienced fisselig.Gigil (Filipino)Remember the aunts and grandmothers in your family who always felt the need to pinch or squeeze your cheeks because they were so cute? They were feeling gigil.Greng-jai (Thai) That feeling you get when you dont want someone to do something for you because it would be difficult for them.Hygge (Danish)When youre sitting around, relaxing with a few friends and loved ones while having a meal or some drinks, youre experiencing hygge. It is very similar to a feeling of coziness.Iktsuarpok (Inuit)When youre waiting around for someone to show up and they arent on time, this word describes the frustration of that experience.Kaelling (Danish)You know that woman who curses at her children in public and causes a big scene, making you feel sorry for her kids? The Danes have a word for her. It doesnt make her any more appealing but at least she gets a fitting word.Koi No Yokan (Japanese)This word describes the sensation you get when you meet someone for the first time and somehow know that the two of you will fall in love. Its poetic and possibly not based on reality, but some people swear theyve experienced it.Kummerspeck (German)This word means the excess weight gain ed from emotional overeating. That pint of ice cream or multiple slices of chocolate cake might soothe your emotional turmoil, but only temporarily!Lagom (Swedish)Goldilocks would have appreciated this word in her story with the three bears. Its synonymous with moderation but specifically means not too much and not too little, but just the right amount.Layogenic (Tagalog)This word means someone who is beautiful from a distance but is a mess in a close-up encounter. Instagram filters, anyone?Litost (Czech)This word means state of torment created by the sudden sight of ones own misery.Luftmensch (Yiddish)While there are several Yiddish words to describe social misfits, this one specifically describes an impractical dreamer with no business sense.Mamihlapinatapai (Yaghan language of Tierra del Fuego)This means a look shared by two people, each wishing that the other would initiate something that they both desire but which neither wants to make the first move.Mencolek (Indonesian)Have y ou ever tapped someone lightly on the opposite shoulder from behind to fool them? This is the word for it.Mencomot (Indonesian)This is when you steal things of little to no value simply for the excitement of it. You dont really need it, you just need the rush the theft creates.Pana Poo (Hawaiian)This word means when you scratch your head in order to help you remember something youve forgotten. Now, where did I put those car keys?Pelinti (Buli, Ghana)You know how when you bite into food thats too hot and try to move it around in your mouth to relieve the pain of it? Thats pelinti.Pochemuchka (Russian)We all know that annoying classmate who asks a million questions while the teacher is trying to teach. The Russians have a name for him/her.Razbliuto (Russian)If youve ever loved someone but are no longer with them, youve experienced this word. Its probably especially useful for Russian poets.Saudade (Portuguese)When you experience melancholic longing or nostalgia for a person, place or thing that is far away from you, youre experiencing saudade.Schadenfreude (German)If youve ever enjoyed seeing or hearing about someone elses troubles, youve experienced this. It doesnt exactly reflect well on ones moral character, but weve all likely been guilty of it at one point or another.Schlimazl (Yiddish)This word is used to describe an inept, bungling person who seems to be forever unlucky.Seigneur-terraces (French)Leave it to the French to invent this word, which means someone who sits at tables for a long time in a coffee shop but doesnt spend much money. Perhaps they just need the wi-fi?Shemomedjamo (Georgian)This word is used when you accidentally eat a too-large portion of food because it was so good that you couldnt quit.Shouganai (Japanese)This describes something that you shouldnt worry about because you cant control the outcome and will only ruin the good moments by worrying. Think of it as another way of describing fate.Sobremesa (Spanish)It makes sense that the Sp anish, who enjoy lingering for a long time at the table following meals, invented this word. It refers to the moment after eating a meal when the food is gone but the conversation is still flowing at the table.Sobremesa is a Spanish word describing when the moment when the food is gone but the conversation is still flowing at the table. Photo by Kevin Curtis on Unsplash.Tartle (Scottish)Weve all experienced this and its usually embarrassing when it happens, but tartle describes the moment when youre talking to someone youve been introduced to before but you cant remember their name.Tingo (Pascuense)This is the act of gradually stealing your neighbors things by borrowing them and not returning them.Treppenwitz (German)Have you ever thought of the perfect comeback remark long after the chance to actually make it? If so, youve experienced treppenwitz.Tsundoku (Japanese)If youre in the habit of buying new books, only to never read them, youre guilty of tsundoku.Tuerto (Spanish)This is l oosely translated to The One-Eyed and refers to a man with one eye.Uffda (Swedish)This is a sympathetic remark youd say to someone who is in pain. It basically means that youre sorry they hurt.Vybafnout (Czech)Remember when you were a kid and enjoyed jumping out to scare your siblings by saying boo? Thats exactly what this word means.Waldeinsamkeit (German)When youre alone in the woods, this word describes the feeling of it.Weltschmerz (German)This is another translation of the expression first-world problems, and means the weary sadness experienced by privileged youth. It translates literally to world-grief.Yaarburnee (Arabic)Literally translated as may you bury me, this word refers to the romantic hope that you will die before someone you love deeply dies, because you cannot imagine living without them.YÃ… «gen (Japanese)This is the profound, mysterious sense of the beauty of the universe, and the sad beauty of human suffering. As an important concept in Japanese culture, the exac t translation often depends on the context. In Chinese philosophy the term was taken from yÃ… «gen meaning dim, deep or mysterious.Yuputka (Ulwa)When you walk in the woods at night and feel the phantom sensation of something crawling on your skin, youre experiencing yuputka.Zeg (Georgian)Just as the Spanish invented a word that means the day before yesterday, the Georgians invented one that means the day after tomorrow.Zhaghzhagh (Persian)When your teeth chatter, either from the cold or from rage.

Explain how carter uses language to change the voice of the narrator throughout the bloody chamber Essay Example

Explain how carter uses language to change the voice of the narrator throughout the bloody chamber Essay Example Explain how carter uses language to change the voice of the narrator throughout the bloody chamber Essay Explain how carter uses language to change the voice of the narrator throughout the bloody chamber Essay Essay Topic: There Will Be Blood Carter uses language devices to reflect change in the narrators voice throughout. For example, most pornographic of confrontations this is metaphorical imagery. As pornography is sex from a secondary perspective this shows the narrators reaction to the prospect of sex, an element of self detachment, as pornography is the act of sex as viewed from an outsider. This shows that the narrator feels vulnerable and uncomfortable with the proposed sexual act. It could suggest that she is using metaphorical imagery to emotionally distance herself from the situation, as to describe a potential sexual encounter using language other than what is literally occurring could suggest that she is trying to remove her feelings from it. However, the mention of pornography could outline the feeling of shame the narrator feels, as it is affiliated with social taboos and embarrassment. This would show that through her materialistic intent she is begrudgingly in a sexual situation, with the man she is only with for his fortune. She might feel like a prostitute through this, and therefore shameful for her choices. Carter uses this device to express that sex should be entirely consensual, not just through acceptance of it, but for both partners to want to under no pressure or feeling of shame. Later, the theme of sex is furtherly explored and language is used again to represent change in the narrators voice. For example, her cunt a split fig this is heightened language. This could indicate an imitation of the marquiss attitude towards sex, confrontational and desensitized. Therefore showing that through a self realization of shame through her materialistic intentions and for where they led her, she may believe that she is no better than him, and therefore is acting like him. The juxtaposition of reaction towards sex in the novel could indicate that she perhaps is mentally damaged to an extent of which is relative to mental illness, and therefore could suggest that her account lacks reliability. Also, because the voice is referring to the past tense this could indicate that her taboo language is expressed through spite and discontent presently, and therefore because it is spoken retrospectively it defies the happy ending clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ evident in generic fairytales. Cart ers intention here was to emphasize the current emotional state of the narrator, and to therefore make the reader question her reliability as a source. Also, her intention could be to corrode the happy ever after fairytale ending, because bluebeard featured this, through using intertexuality she brings a sense of realism into the story. Carter uses language devices to depict change in the narrators voice. For example, lamb chop appetite artichoke are all words relative to the semantic field of food. Food is a necessary and regular requirement, and therefore the narrator feels that this is parallel to her husbands libido. Also, food is something that is bought and owned by the buyer, this could questionably be relative to the narrators position, as what she wanted from him was purely materialistic and so her love has been bought by him, and she may feel like his possession and therefore obligatory to his needs. This implicates his needs, but her passion isnt evident and therefore the sexual area of their relationship is entirely his lust. Carters intention here was to show that men generally see and treat women as inanimate objects, and therefore when a womans opinion and attitude towards sex, among other things relative to a relationship is ignored, the relationship is unequal. And therefore Carter is emphasizing th at unequal relationships are wrong.